Current Issue : January - March Volume : 2014 Issue Number : 1 Articles : 5 Articles
Nanoemulsion gels have emerged as one of the most interesting topical delivery system as it has dual release control\r\nsystem i.e. gel and emulsion. The major objective behind this formulation is delivery of hydrophobic drugs to systemic\r\ncirculation via skin. Nanotechnology with the use of nano sized particles has largely succeeded in overcoming skin barriers and\r\nhence nano sized emulsion easily penetrate the pores of the skin and reach the systemic circulation thus getting channelized for\r\neffective deliver. Nanoemulsion gel formulation provides better application property and stability in comparison to cream and\r\nointment. Topical gel drug administration is a localized drug delivery system anywhere in the body through ophthalmic, rectal,\r\nvaginal and skin as topical routes. Skin is one of the most extensive and readily accessible organs on human body for topical\r\nadministration and is main route of topical drug delivery system. Topical application of drugs offers potential advantages of\r\ndelivering the drug directly to the site of action and acting for an extended period of time. Topical Nanoemulsion gels are\r\nintended for skin application or to certain mucosal surfaces for local action or percutaneous penetration of medicament or for\r\ntheir emollient or protective action. Nanoemulsion gels are evaluated by following parameters such as pH, homogeneity,\r\ngrittiness, drug content, viscosity, spreadability, extrudability, skin irritation studies, in-vitro release, stability studies....
Transdermal drug delivery specializes in continuing to search for new methods that can effectively and painlessly deliver larger molecules in therapeutic quantities to overcome the difficulties associated with the oral route, likely poor bioavailability due to the first pass effect and the tendency to produce rapid blood level spikes. Transdermal delivery can improve the therapeutic efficacy and safety of drugs by more precise way but spatial and temporal placement within the body is required to reduce both the size and number of doses necessary to achieve the objective of systemic medication through topical application. Modulation of formulation excipients and addition of chemical enhancers can increase drug flux but that is not sufficient to ensure delivery of pharmacologically effective concentration of the drug therefore, several new active rate controlled TDDS technologies electrically-based, structure-based, velocity-based, Vesicular carriers, i.e. Liposomes, museums, transfersomes represent widely exploited class of novel delivery systems for topical applications with immunological approaches for new vaccine design. Noninvasive vaccination onto the skin using these novel carriers could improve vaccination programs because the procedure requires no specially trained personnel and may avoid risk associated with needle prick. These delivery systems act as adjuvant to enhance the immunogenicity of antigens, which otherwise induce 'weak' immune response when applied topically. Transdermal delivery have been developed and commercialized for the delivery of ‘troublesome’ drugs Skin harbors a wide variety of immune cells and elicit a strong immunological response, when it comes in contact with any immunogen. Skin shows specific (immunity) against non-specific responses. Various routes of carrier entry into skin include follicular pathway, normal pores present in the skin, lamellar lipid bodies and through corneocytes. Among various approaches for non-invasive immunization, i.e. Physical approaches, chemical approaches and vesicular approaches, are gaining wide acceptance for topical vaccination and for attaining sustained delivery of a drug. Another major concern is the regulatory issues of transdermal products to be launched in the market. This review deals with a brief insight on the physiological properties of the skin, several techniques for drug permeation enhancement and regulatory issues over transdermal drug delivery and most of the new active transport technologies involved in enhancing the transdermal permeation into an effective DDS. In-depth analysis, formulation approaches, applications is discussed....
Quantum dots (QDs) have established themselves as influential fluorescent probes, in particular for long term, multiplexed imaging and detection. QD-labeled drug nanocarriers, QD-based fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) method for drug release study as well as the expansion of multifunctional nanomedicines. Multicolor optical coding for biological assays has been achieved by embedding different-sized quantum dots (zinc sulfide–capped cadmium selenide nanocrystals) into polymeric micro beads at precisely controlled ratios. Their novel optical properties render these highly luminescent quantum dots (QDs) ideal fluorophores for wavelength-and-intensity multiplexing. DNA hybridization studies demonstrate that the coding and target signals can be simultaneously read at the single-bead level. This spectral coding technology is expected to open new opportunities in gene expression studies, high throughput screening, and medical diagnostics. The recently developed QDs labeling technique have facilitated the study of drug delivery on the level of living cells. Moreover, based fluorescence imaging system, multifunctional nanocomplex integrated targeting, imaging and therapeutic functionalities have become effective materials for synchronous cancer diagnosis and treatment. In this review, we will summarize the recent advances of QDs in the research of drug delivery system from the following aspects: surface modification strategies of QDs for drug delivery, and as drug nanocarriers....
With advancement in technology and increase in awareness towards modification in standard tablet to achieve better\r\nacceptability as well as bioavailability, newer and more efficient tablet dosage forms are being developed. The main reasons\r\nbehind formulation of different types of tablets are to create a delivery system that is relatively simple and inexpensive to\r\nmanufacture, provide the dosage form that is convenient from patient�s perspective and utilize an approach that is unlikely to\r\nadd complexity during regulatory approval process. Dual retard is with combo features that provide dual release mechanism in\r\nsingle dosage form i.e. immediate release and sustain/controlled release. Pharmaceutical companies are also interested to\r\ndevelop because of patient convenience and compliance. Dual retard system can be developed for single therapy or two\r\ntherapies may be of single component or dual components. Modified tablet presses are used to formulate dual retard tablets.\r\nThis article describes the technology of dual retard, objective of dual retard and challenges of the same. Inspite of the challenges\r\nlike layer separation, insufficient hardness, poor weight control, lower yield, cross contamination etc., dual retard drug release\r\ntablet is very promising novel drug delivery technology....
Controlled release drug delivery is now the standard in modern pharmaceutical design. Intensive research has been\r\nundertaken in achieving better effectiveness, reliability and safety. Lipids have a high potential for development of controlled\r\nrelease systems. There is an increasing interest in lipid based drug delivery systems due to factors such as better\r\ncharacterization of lipidic excipients and formulation versatility and the choice of different drug delivery systems. The use of\r\nlipid matrices appears to have several advantages such as being a multiple-unit system, chemical inertness against other\r\nmaterials and ease of manufacturing with high reproducibility that can be obtained without special instrumentation, as well as\r\nlow production cost. There seems to be a shortage in detailed information on lipid matrices. This review aims to present data\r\navailable hitherto. Details on available lipid surfactants have also been given. Recent advancements in this field including lipid\r\nmicroparticles and nanoparticles, archaesomes etc have also been discussed....
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